Article Tuesday 3August 2010
Saamaynta ra'yi bixinta sharci ee Maxkamadda Adduunka ee madax banaanida Kosovo.

Written by Abdirahman Mohamed Aug 03, 2010 at 07:43 AM

Waxa ay Maxkamadda Adduunka ee fadhigeedu yahay magaaladda Hague ee wadanka Holland soo saartay 22 bisha July, 2010 ra'yi (Advisory opinion) ay kaga jawaabaysay su'aal uu Golaha Guud( General Assembly) ee Qaramadda Midoobay ku waydiiyay go'aanka tirsigiisi yahay 63/3 ee ka soo baxay Golaha Guud ee Qarammada Midoobay 8-dii bishii Octobar, 2008. Golaha Guud waxa u banaynaya in uu ra'yi sharci waydiisto Maxkamadda Addunka qodobka 96-aad ee Axdiga Qaramadda Midoobay( UN Caharter). Su'aasha sharci ee uu Golaha Amaanku waydiiystay in ay ay Maxkamaddu ra'yi ka bixiso ayaa waxa ay u dhignayd sida hoos ku qoran:

Ma waafaqsan tahay sharciga caaalamiga ah ku dhawaaqida ay keligood ku dhawaaqeen in ay yihiin dal madaxbanaan hayadaha is xukun ee ku meel gaadhka ah ee Kosovo ?

Hadaba in kastoo aanay ra'yi bixinaha sharci ee ay bixiso Maxkamadda Adduunku aanay ahayn qaar waajib ku ah in fuliyaan cida ra'yigaas sharci la siiyaa marka la barbar dhigo dacwadaha u dhaxeeya dawladdaha (Contentious cases) oo go'aanada ay Maxkamaddu ka soo saartaa ay waajib ku yihiin in ay fuliyaan dawladdahaasi, ayaa ay hadana leeyihiin saameyn sharci oo aad u wayn, raadna ku yeelata sharciga caalamiga ah iyo cida ama mawduuca ay khusaysayso ra'yi bixintaasi. Si ay uga jawaabto su'aasha Golaha Guud soo waydiiyay, waxa ay Maxkamaddu horaantiiba is waydiisay in ay awood u leeday in ay ka jawaabto su'aasha uu golahu soo waydiistay, iyo hadii ay awooddaa u leedahay, in ay jiri karaan wax sababo ah oo ka celin kara Maxkamadda in ay bixiso ra'yigaa sharciyeed. Falanqayn dheer ka dib waxa ay Maxkamaddu si buuxda isugu raacday( dhamaan afar iyo tobanka garsoore ee ka qayb qaatay ra'yiga) in ay awood u leedahay in ay bixiso ra'yiga, halka ay sagaal ka mida afar iyo tobanka garsoore ee ka qayb qaatay ra'yi bixintu ay taageereen in ay bixiyaan ra'yiga sharciyeed ,shanta kale ee soo hadhayna soo jeediyeen in Maxkamaddu iska diido in ay bixiso ra'yiga.

Intaas ka dib, waxa ay Maxkamaddu gudo gashay nuxurka falanqaynta sharciyeed ee su'aasha la waydiiy in ay jawaabta ka bixiso. Horaantiiba, waxa ay Maxkamaddu eegtay waxa uu arrinta ka qabo sharciga guud ee caalamiga ah (General international law) iyo go'aanka Golaha Amaanka ee tirsigiisu yahay 1244, ee soo baxay 10-kii bishii June 1999, iyo sharciyadii laga sii dheegay go'ankaa sida maamulka ku meel gaadhka ah ee Qaramadda Midoobay ee Kosovo (UNMIK) iyo xeer nidaamiyeyaashii uu maamulkaasi soo saaray ee la xidhiidhay arrimaha Kosovo.

Maqaalkani waxa uu ku koobnaan doonaa waxa ay Maxkamaddu ka tidhi waxa uu sharciga guud ee caalamiga ahi ka qabo arrinta ku dhawaaqista madaxbanaanida dhinac kaliyaalaha ah ee Kosovo, taas oo ah ta guud ahaan saamaynta wayn ku yeelan karta dalalka iyo dadyowga ku dhawaaqa madaxbanaani ay ka qaateen dawaladdo leh xuduuddo la aqoonsan yahay.

Sharciga caalamiga ah iyo ku dhawaaqida madaxbanaani

Maxkamadda Adduunku waxa ay ku falanqaysay arrintan faqraddaha 79-84 ee ra'yiga sharciyeed ee ay siisay Golaha Guud ee Qarammadda Midoobay. Waxa ay Maxkamaddu ka hadashay sida ay u arragto arrinta iyada oo dib u eeegtay taariikhda la xidhiidha dhawaaqyada madaxbanaani (Declarations of independence) ee ay ka soo horjeedsadeen dawladaha laga hoos baxayay, ama laga xoroobayay. Waxa ay Maxkamaddu sheegtay in laga soo bilaabo ilaa qarnigii 18-naad ay iska daba imanayeen dhawaaqyada madaxbanaanidda, dhawaqaayadaas oo mararka qaarkood ku dhamaanayay in ay ka dhashaan dawladdo cusubi, marar kalena aanay suurto galaynin arrintaasi. Waxase muhiima oo ay Makamaddu sheegtay:

In aanay jirin xaalad keliya, sida ay doonto ha ahaatee, oo hab dhaqanka dawladdaha lagala soo dhex bixi karo in ay dawladuhu u tixgaliyeen falka ku dhawaaqidda madaxbanaanida in uu ka soo horjeedo sharciga caalamiga ah. Taas bedelkeed, hab dhaqanka dawladdahu waxa uu si cad u tilmaamyaa gunaanadka ah in aanay ku jirin sharciga caalamiga ah wax diidaya ku dhawaaqida maddaxbanaani ( Faqradda 79-aad).

Intaas ka dib waxa ay Maxkammadu ka jaawaabtay saddex doodood oo laga hor jeediyay intii ay socotay ra'yi bixintu. Ta koobaad waxa ay ahayd in ay sharci darro tahay ku dhawaaqida madax banaani dhinac kaliya ahi, iyadda oo arrintani ku dhex qarsoontahay ama lagala soo dhex bixi karo mabda'a mid ahaanshaha dhuleed ( Territorial integrity). Maxkammadu waxa ay qirtay in mid ahaanshaha dhuleed uu yahay mabd'a muhiim ah, oo xataa ku jira Axdiga Qaramadda Midoobay, qodobka 2-aad, faqradiisa afraad iyo waliba go'aanka Golaha Guud ee tirsigiisu yahay 2625(XXV) ee soo baxay 24 October 1970 (Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations) iyo go'aankii kama dambaysta ahaa ee ka soo baxay shirkii Helisinki , qodobkiisa afraad, ee soo baxay 1 August, 1975 (Final Act of the Helsinki Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe). Maxkammadu waxa ay sheegtay in ay dhamaan ku jiraan heshiisyadaa iyo go'aamadaa muhiimadda ay leedahay in aan wax faro gelin ah lagu samayn midnimadda dhuleed ee dawladaha, lana ixtiraamo. Laakiin ta muhiimka ah ee ay Maxkamaddu sheegtay waxa ay tahay in mabd'a midnimadda dhuleed uu ku kooban yahay uun heerka xidhiidhka dawladdaha (The sphere of relations between states) ee aanuu khusaynin arrimaha gudaha dawladdaha.

Dooda labaad ee ay soo jeediyeen dawladdaha qaar ka qayb qaatay markii dooda Maxkamaddu socotay waxa ay ahayd in uu Golaha Amaanku cambaareeyey muddoyinkii la soo dhaafay ku dhawaaqista madax banaanida, sida go'aamadii Golaha Amaanka uu ka soo saaray Koonfurtii Rhodesia, Waqooyigii Qubrus iyo Jamhuuriyada Srpska. Saddexdaa dhacdaba Golaha Amaanku wuu dhaleeceeyey, isaga oo Golahu diiday dhawaaqoodii ahaa in ay yihiin dawladdo madax banaan.

Maxkamaddu waxa ay doodahaa kaga jawaabtay iyada oo sheegtay in saddexda dhacdaba uu Golaha Amaanku wax ku go'aaminayay xaaladdaha dhab ahaan u taagnaa markii dhawaaqyada madaxbanaanindda la samaynayay, arrinta sharci darada ahaydna aanay ahayn dhawaaqa dhinac kaliyaalaha ah ee madax banaanida, laakiin ay ahayd in dhawaaqyadaasi ay ku xidhiidhsanaayeen xoog si sharci daro ah loo isticmaalay iyo iyada oo si ba'an loo jabiyay shuruucda guud ee caalamiga ah.

Dooda saddexaad waxa ay la xidhiidhay in dadka reer Kosovo ay xaq u leeyahiin in ay samaystaan dawlad, taas oo ah mid ku imanaysa xuquuqda aayo ka tashiga (The right of self-determination) ama iyaga oo xuquuqdaa dawladnimo kuba helaya waxa lagu sharaxay goosasho daawo noqnonaysa( Remedial secession), marka la eego xaaladahii la soo gudboonaaday dadka reer Kosovo. Maxkamaddu waxa y qirtay in sharciga caalamiga ah ay ku jirto xuquuqda aayo ka tashiga, gaar ahaan dalalka iyo dadyowga aan is xukumin ee laga xoog roonaaday, la qabsaday, ama lagu dul noolyahay( Non-self-governing territories and peoples subject to alien subjugation, domination and exploitation), laakiin in khilaaf ka taagan yahay in xuquuqdaasi ay jirtoba xaaladaha kuwaas ka soo hadha. Wax ay sidoo kale Maxkamadda sheegtay in khilaaf ka jiro in sharciga caalamiga ah ay ku jirto xuquuqda goosasho daawo ah ( remedial secession). Wax ay ku dooday Maxkamaddu in labada arrinba ay dawladahu isku khilaafsan yihiin. Gebogabadii Waxa ay Maxkamaddu ka gaabsatay in ay ka sii hadasho labadaa arrin ee dambe iyada oo ku dhaaftay in ay ka baxsan yihiin su'aasha la waydiiyay.

Muhiimadda ra'yigan Maxkamadda Adduunka

Inkasta oo sida aan kor ku soo sheegay aanay ahayn ra'ayiyada sharci ee Maxkamadda Addunku qaar ay ku qasban yihiin in ay fuliyaan cida loo soo jeediyaa , hadana waxa ay leeyahiin saamayn balaadhan oo dhanka sharciga caalamiga ah. Hadaba, ra'yigan Maxkammadda waxa ugu muhiimsan marka laga eego dhanka sharciga caalamiga:

In ay Maxkammadu cadaysay in aan ku dhawaaqida madax banaani ee lagaga hoos baxayo dawlad xuduudaheeda la aqoonsan yahay aanay ka soo horjeedin sharciga caalamiga ah.

In ay Maxkamaddu sheegtay in mabda' ilaalinta midnimada dhuleed uu ku kooban yahay uun heerka xidhiidhka dawladdaha ee aanay waxba ka khusayn arrimaha gudaha ee dawladdaha. Tani waa turjumaad sharci oo muhiim ah.

In ay Maxkamaddu xustay waxa loo yaqaan goosasho daawo ah, in kasta oo ay hadana sheegtay in khilaaf ka jiro in sharciga caalamiga ah ay ku jirto xuquuddaasi, iyo hadii ay kuba jirto, xaaaldaha ay soo bixi karto.

Abdirahman Mohamed (Yussuf)

MA in International Law, University of Hargeisa

Email: abdirahman.mohamed@gmail.com

Last Updated ( Aug 03, 2010 at 07:54 AM )

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